Spina Bifida: Understanding This Birth Defect and How to Prevent It
Spina bifida is one of the most common neural tube defects, affecting thousands of babies each year. While learning about this condition can be overwhelming for expecting parents, early awareness and proper prenatal care can significantly reduce the risk. Here’s what you need to know about spina bifida, how it occurs, and ways to help prevent it during pregnancy.
What Is Spina Bifida?
Spina bifida is a congenital condition in which a baby’s spinal cord doesn’t fully develop, leaving a gap in the spine. It occurs during the early weeks of pregnancy when the neural tube, which eventually forms the brain and spinal cord, fails to close properly. The severity of spina bifida can vary, with some babies experiencing mild symptoms and others facing more significant health challenges.
Types of Spina Bifida
There are three main types of spina bifida:
1. Spina Bifida Occulta
The mildest form, often called "hidden" spina bifida, where there’s a small gap in the spine but no opening or sac. Many people with this type may not even be aware they have it, as it typically causes no symptoms.
2. Meningocele
In this form, a sac of fluid pushes through an opening in the spine, but the spinal cord remains intact. Surgery can often repair this defect with minimal long-term complications.
3. Myelomeningocele
This is the most severe form, where both the spinal cord and membranes protrude through an opening in the spine. It can lead to significant physical and neurological issues, including difficulty walking, bladder and bowel problems, and hydrocephalus (fluid buildup in the brain).
Causes and Risk Factors
The exact cause of spina bifida is unknown, but several factors may increase the risk:- Folic Acid Deficiency: A lack of folic acid before and during early pregnancy is the leading risk factor for neural tube defects.
- Family History: If you or a close relative has had a baby with a neural tube defect, your risk may be higher.
- Maternal Diabetes: Poorly controlled diabetes during pregnancy can increase the likelihood of spina bifida.
- Certain Medications: Anti-seizure medications and some acne treatments can interfere with folic acid metabolism, raising the risk.
- Obesity: Maternal obesity has also been linked to an increased risk of neural tube defects.
Preventing Spina Bifida
The good news is that spina bifida is often preventable with proper prenatal care and nutrition.
1. Take Folic Acid
Taking 400 to 800 micrograms (mcg) of folic acid daily before conception and during the first trimester can reduce the risk of spina bifida by up to 70%. If you have a higher risk, your doctor may recommend a higher dose.
2. Eat a Balanced Diet
Include folate-rich foods in your diet, such as:- Leafy greens (spinach, kale)
- Citrus fruits (oranges, grapefruits)
- Beans and lentils
- Fortified cereals and bread
3. Manage Chronic Conditions
If you have diabetes or another chronic condition, work closely with your healthcare provider to ensure your condition is well-managed before and during pregnancy.
4. Avoid Harmful Medications
If you’re taking medications for seizures or other conditions, talk to your doctor about switching to safer alternatives before getting pregnant.
Living with Spina Bifida
Children born with spina bifida can lead fulfilling lives, especially with early medical intervention and proper support. Treatments may include surgery, physical therapy, and assistive devices to help with mobility. Many children with mild forms of spina bifida grow up to be independent and active.
Final Thoughts
While spina bifida can be a concerning diagnosis, knowledge and proactive care are powerful tools in reducing the risk. Ensuring adequate folic acid intake before and during pregnancy is one of the best steps you can take to protect your baby’s health. If you’re planning to conceive or are already pregnant, talk to your healthcare provider about ways to support a healthy pregnancy. Remember, you’re not alone—there are resources and specialists ready to help guide you through every step of the journey.
